Background 

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a technology that has rapidly gained importance in different sectors in the last decades especially due to its versatility, allowing the users to customise product designs fully. Compared to the different 3D bioprinting methods, extrusion bioprinting is the most widely used as it has a lower material usage and waste, and it can accommodate a broad range of material. Even though a lot of innovations in extrusion 3D printing have been achieved in recent years, most of the available systems are expensive and difficult to be relocated due to its bulkiness. Corrado, Research Associate in the Biointerface group, at the Department of Engineering, was interested in applying 3D printing to biomedical sciences, and he explains that, “When you work with biological material, sometimes you need to be in a sterile environment, in a biosafety cabinet, but usually bioprinters are these kind of big units.” Thinking about how to make extrusion 3D printers more accessible, the Biointerface group decided to develop a low-cost and easy to transport extrusion 3D printer. 

Function

It is a deployable 3D extrusion printer for soft materials that can be folded, transported, and rapidly re-assembled, e.g., for switching between working spaces; or, for printing inside a biosafety cabinet when applying its use to biological materials that are non-transportable (due to a materials transfer agreement or ethical restrictions).

Development process

The portable 3D printer consists of a printhead controlled by Arduino (an open source electronic board with a simple microcontroller), and a robotic arm controlled by Python codes, all assembled into supporting metal frames. As the Biointerface group is highly-multidisciplinary, the deployable 3D printer was first developed for printing soft material in general. The next step was to translate the technique to biological materials, focused on cancer research. The robotic arm was then adapted to hold a Petri dish, enabling the user to generate 3D printed tumoroids. This generated tumour mass can be subsequently used for studies, with a huge potential for cancer drug testing in the near future. Yaqi, a PhD student in the Biointerface group was directly involved with the printer development and she explains that the biggest challenge for her was related to protocol optimisation, to try to achieve a satisfactory printing performance. For Corrado, on the other hand, as he
was applying the technique to the biomedical field, the challenges that he encountered were more related to the communication between the engineering and biological fields, as different areas have different strengths and drawbacks.

Target user

Researchers, especially the ones focused on studying biological material, e.g., for drug testing, or for gaining mechanistic understanding on some specific organs or tissues. 

Comparison to other technologies

Compared to the commercial options, the deployable 3D printer is much more affordable, smaller, and lighter. Moreover, it is foldable, and easy to assemble, making it easy to store and transport. As the printer is open source and was built from simple components, its parts can be readily sourced and fabricated. Another advantage is that the deployable 3D printer operates with smaller volume when compared to the commercial options, making it compatible with many biological materials. Yaqi points out that portable printers have a lower mechanical resolution than commercial systems. However, the one described here is the most precise when compared to other 3D portable printers available.